منابع مشابه
Altruism in insect societies and beyond: voluntary or enforced?
The altruism of insect workers has puzzled researchers for decades. Inclusive fitness theory suggests that high relatedness has been key in promoting such altruism. Recent theory, however, indicates that the intermediate levels of relatedness found within insect societies are too low to directly cause the extreme altruism observed in many species. Instead, recent results show that workers are f...
متن کاملThe evolution of extreme altruism and inequality in insect societies.
In eusocial organisms, some individuals specialize in reproduction and others in altruistic helping. The evolution of eusociality is, therefore, also the evolution of remarkable inequality. For example, a colony of honeybees (Apis mellifera) may contain 50 000 females all of whom can lay eggs. But 100 per cent of the females and 99.9 per cent of the males are offspring of the queen. How did suc...
متن کاملDirected Altruism and Enforced Reciprocity in Social Networks
We conduct online field experiments in large real-world social networks in order to decompose prosocial giving into three components: (1) baseline altruism toward randomly selected strangers, (2) directed altruism that favors friends over random strangers, and (3) giving motivated by the prospect of future interaction. Directed altruism increases giving to friends by 52 percent relative to rand...
متن کاملConflict resolution in insect societies.
Although best known for cooperation, insect societies also manifest many potential conflicts among individuals. These conflicts involve both direct reproduction by individuals and manipulation of the reproduction of colony members. Here we review five major areas of reproductive conflict in insect societies: (a) sex allocation, (b) queen rearing, (c) male rearing, (d) queen-worker caste fate, a...
متن کاملInsect Societies and Manufacturing
In this paper, we present examples from the literature of successful problem solving systems that have been heavily influenced directly from biological studies of insect societies. Included among these systems are a few of our own. These examples are presented in light of manufacturing applications and only the tip of the iceberg is touched upon. It is our hope that the reader will find a new s...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Nature
سال: 2006
ISSN: 0028-0836,1476-4687
DOI: 10.1038/444050a